-theory asserted by german thinkers, that all the wars of the nineteenth to mid twentieth century stem fundamentally from action and reaction to French Republic and (perceived or not) aggression
-in contrast, french will call it Coalition Wars
First French War (1792-1804)
-French Revolution (1789-99)
-Batavian Revolution (1795)
-Great Irish Rebellion (1796-1802)
>
-provoked by French Revolution (1789-9)
-turns in quick succession into massive European war
-ends with establishment of French Republic-1795: Batavian Revolution, Peace of Basel (w/ Prussia and Spain)
-1796: Rhine Campaign (forced back), Italian Campaign (takeover of Sardinia, defeat at Milan), Vendee Rebellion crushed, French troops landed in Ireland to support United Irishmen
-1797: Italian Campaign (uprisings in Italy, invasion down to Modena, takeover of Milan), Rhine Campaign (Bavaria neutralized), Batavian fleet lands at Dundee w/ Thomas Muir to support United Scotsmen
-1798: Italian Campaign (Siege of Mantua), Rhine Campaign (forced to retreat but retains right bank of rhine), Scottish Rebellion crushed
-1799: Italian Campaign (Peace w/ Tuscany breaks down and it's invaded), Rhine Campaign (austrian attacks deflected), Hoche killed and French Army flees but continued United Irishmen activity
-1800: Italian Campaign (uprising in Rome & France invades (Roman Republic), defeat at Verona), Rhine Campaign (French troops advance to Swabia), British invasion of Venezuela and Buenos Aires
-1801: Italian Campaign (Neapolitan troops, reactionary peasants destroy Roman Republic), Rhine Campaign (French troops advance to Salzburg, Austria sues for peace), British troops in Venezuela forced out, attempts to advance beyond Buenos Aires fail
-1802: Treaty of Salzburg (Peace with Austria and HRE), United Irishmen totally crushed
-1803: France-Papal Concordat
-1804: Treaty of Lille (Peace with UK)
-1805: Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, most prince-bishoprics secularized-France gets border to the Rhine
-and also Savoy and Nice
-and is able to stand as the French Republic-Dutch Republic turned into Batavian Republic
-keeps its colonial empire
-as a French "sister republic"-UK gets Buenos Aires, Trinidad from Spain
-Papal State > Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, of Malta, and of Minorca get Minorca
-Mecklenburg transplanted to Westphalia, old lands given to Prussia
-w/ Tsar Paul still in power Baden does not get big
-rulers Tuscany gets Salzburg (raised to electorate)
-Austria gets Passau, Regensburg, the greater part of Freising, and the lands of the Abbot of Berchtesgaden
-Bavaria gets Breisgau, the Vorarlberg, and other fragments on right bank of the rhine, and also ansbach and bayreuth, loses Berg to house of Zweibrucken
-Prussia loses lands in south and across Rhine, rest of cleves, and east frisia (goes to batavian rep), but gets Mecklenburgs, Hildesheim and Paderborn, and land in Westphalian district
-two hesses and wurttemberg strengthened, and they, "mecklenburg", and salzburg get electoral dignity-Revolutionary Italy after war - in loose Italian Union (literally just a congress of independent states)
-Subalpine Republic consisting of Piedmont
-Ligurian Republic consisting of Genoa
-Etrurian Republic consisting of Tuscany
-Cispadane Republic consisting of Modena and a few small states
-Transpadane Republic consisting of Milan, Mantua, and Venice west of Adige
-State of Lucca consisting of LuccaGreat Irish Rebellion (1796-9)
-1796: Hoche leads French armada; United Irishmen lead Ireland-wide rebellion
-1797: United Irishmen take Dublin, Irish Parliament and government flees to Carrickfergus
-1798:
-1799: Hoche killed in battle; Dublin falls to Tory regiments
-1800-2: Irish croppy rebellions endure before falling away-French invasion occurs slightly earlier, due to superior preparation and admiral replaced earlier
-in November is when it happens
-this improves its conditions
-through this it’s able to land on Cork
-British Isles leads reprisals
-Dissenters identified with rebellions and face diminished status
-rising anti-Dissenter opinions
-Orangemen boom in scale, become both anti-Dissenter and anti-Catholic
-leads Heads of British Isles > 1797-1814 Henry Addington (Tory) to pass new anti-Dissenter regulation by messing with Toleration Act-death toll of 500,000
-another 500,000 people emigrate
Second French War (1821-32)
-War of Roussin's Fleet (1821-7)
-Haitian War of Independence (1821-30)
-War of the Parthenopean Revolution (1824-32)
Prewar
-Bavaria falls out of France's orbit following death of elector
-France sees internal stability weaken as police falls apart following death of Fouche
-Governor of Saint-Domingue Heads of Haiti > 1797-1821 Toussaint Louverture dies
-causes a crisis in the nation
-spread of potato blight from the Americas to Europe in 1820s ferments revolution
-this pops speculation bubbles that popped after Year Without A Summer which causes mass unemployment
-as well as bread hungerBy year
-1821: French fleet led by Albin Roussin attempting to "restore order" in Saint-Domingue intercepted and destroyed by British who fear it'll be used against its colonies, resulting in war
-1822: British occupation of French colonies, French attempt to invade Ireland defeated, Dessalines declares independence of Haiti from France
-1824: Carbonari in Naples rebel, France and Italy intervene, resulting in general European war; war panic in France sees end of Sieyesian regime and rise of Heads of France > 1824-1836 Bernard-Francois de Chauvelin (Coppetard) †
-1825: Rising in Venetian Republic, French army crosses the Rhine, Prussia declares war on France's side, Russia intervenes and Alexander I invades Prussia and declares himself King of Poland; Austria invades Prussian Silesia; Hamburg sees revolutions and revolts spread into other cities; rebellion in Stuttgart declares a republic and the Elector of Wurttemberg abdicates and flees; Saxony sees a declaration of a republic by students and workers; Franco-Spanish fleet attacks Minorca; Franco-Italian fleet occupies Malta, causing impact across Europe
-1826: Franco-Italian troops sweep into Venetian territories fighting skirmishes with Ottoman warlords and annexing Ragusa; French troops cross into Baden and Wurttemberg in name of republicans, but anti-French government refuses and instead France declares it annexed into Helvetia; Helvetian Republic breaks out into revolt in the name of ending French rule; Hanoverian troops and British ships storm and destroy Revolutionary Hamburg; Saxony requests Austrian troops to suppress its revolts and it succeeds; King of Two Sicilies forced to flee into Sicily
-1827: Alexander I dies, and Heads of Russia > 1827-1837 Constantine I calls back troops; Prussia renews its war effort especially in Silesia; France successfully dissolves Helvetian rebellion and annexes Helvetian Republic and Tellgau into a single looser state including Swabia; UK sees British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9) and flight of king to Hanover & armistice ends war with France with status quo ante
-1828: Hanover rallies against Prussia and fights on side of Austria, throwing Prussian advance back a great deal and allowing Austria to send troops towards Italy, resulting in Prussian authorities backtracking; Austria advances in Silesia; Rome is alight in revolution and Pope flees to Sardinia; treaty ends Franco-British war with status quo ante
-1829: Austrian troops invade Dalmatia and Venice and stopped at someplace, Hanoverian-Austrian advance continues; Spain drops out of war and concedes Minorca
-1830: Prussia sues for peace, Austrian and other German troops redirected
-1831: Austrian-German troops attack Italy and France, deflected mostly but Austrian fleet invades Rome and occupies Latium
-1832: Peace between France and AustriaAftermath
-France sees reformed constitution firmly
-British Isles sees British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9), which turns it into a constitutional republic
-in Germany, Austria's position strengthened
-democratic and republican ferment firmly suppressed
-a fair amount of emigration of constitutionalists
-particular Revolutionary Hamburg become much admired
-Saxony institutes a fairly impressive constitution
-however, at the same time, Austria has been faced with a financial crisis and loss of Swabia is threatening
-Prussia has been badly hammered
-forced to enact several reforms in the years that followed
-Italy regards France allowing Austrian occupation of Latium as a sellout move despite winning war
-and dissatisfaction increases, French alliance seems more like overlordshipTerritorial changes
Germany
-Tellgau and Helvetia annexed into together a new Tellian Republic, this country gets Vorarlberg
-Bavaria gets Baden
-Prussian extra-contiguous territories divided up b/w Austria's allies
-resulting in several states in former Tellgau compensated with Prussian land
-additionally Austria eats most of Silesia
-though due to French disputes on negotiation table Saxony gets some of it
-Neuchatel to France
-Electorate of Salzburg moved up to former Prussian territories centered in Mark
-state annexed into Austria
-Wurttemberg turned into Swabia, now part of a new united Tellian Republic
-and ruler of Wurttemberg reimbursed with Hildesheim and PaderbornItaly
-made closer
-Subalpine Republic consisting of Piedmont
-Ligurian Republic consisting of Genoa
-Etrurian Republic consisting of Tuscany
-Cispadane Republic consisting of Parma, Modena and a few small states
-Transpadane Republic consisting of Milan, Mantua, and Venice west of Adige
-State of Lucca consisting of Lucca
-Parthenopean Republic consisting of Naples
-Melitean Republic consisting of Malta
-Transbenacian Republic consisting of Venice
-Istrian Republic consisting of former Venetian Istria
-Dalmatian Republic consisting of Venetian Dalmatia
-Republic of Ragusa
-Ascruvian Republic consisting of former Venetian Albania
-Bononian Republic consisting of Papal States except Latium
-Ichnusan Republic consisting of Sardinia
-Heptanesian Republic consisting of Ionian IslandsRussia
-gets control over eastern Galicia
Prussia
-loses control over its entire exclave set as well as Hildesheim and Silesia
-truly brutal defeat, it never quite recovers its position
Third French War (1847-54)
-War of the Danish Succession (1847-54)
-Roman Revolution (1848)
-Hungarian War of Independence (1849-54)
-Swedish Revolution (1852)
-Norwegian Revolution (1853)
-Austrian Revolution (1854)
-1847: Christian VIII of Denmark dies, having no issue a member of the electorate of Hesse-Kassel takes power, and the Duke of Oldenburg issues claim over Schleswig-Holstein backed by Austria; France does not accept this attempt to bring Danish lands under one cohesive state, backing Hesse-Kassel's claim; citing pending debts, Britain also goes to war
-1848: Masonic cell in Rome rebels and declares republic, takes over city, Pope flees to Spain, Anglo-French fleet blockades Germany broadly; Germany sees a rally behind the nation in the name of Schleswig
-1849: Croatian army invades Dalmatia and Istria, Italian Navy invades Sardinia and Sicily; Hungarian Diet, convened to approve of war money, instead shoves king's representatives out the door and in a frenzy declares Hungary an independent state; Prague and Bohemia see mass riots in the name of constitutional government, the authorities accept and authorize the assembling of a pan-Bohemian diet
-1850: Italian attack on Croats in Dalmatia and Istria succeeds due to troops divided into fighting Hungary; Sweden declares war against Denmark to gain Norway; Prussia declares war on Austria and takes Galicia; Bohemian Diet convened but alienates workers, causing insurrection, both Diet and Habsburg authorities opposes and suppresses it
-1851: Italy successfully occupies Dalmatia and Istria, Swedish invasion of Danish Norway stopped midway; Austrian troops successfully defeat rebellion in Prague
-1852: Sweden gets revolution and coalition of radicals and moderates form republic on British model, Austria signs separate peace with Italy recognizing its borders, albeit not the fall of the Papacy, freeing trade in Med
-1853: Austrian troops push Prussians out of Hanover, march on Schleswig-Holstein, French counterattack from the Rhine halted, Norway breaks away and becomes a British-style republic; Austrian navy mutinies, causing revolution across Austria and abdication of Heads of Germany > 1835-1853 Ferdinand IV
-1854: Final peace between France, Batavian Republic, Denmark, Hungary, and Prussia vs. Austria
-Germany
-Oldenburg gets Schleswig-Holstein
-Denmark now part of Hesse-Kassel
-Prussia loses panhandle
-Holy Roman Empire formally transmuted into a federation
-Burgenland moved to Austrian rule specifically
-Austria becomes smaller rump state
-Prussia
-takes the remainder of what Habsburgs have of Galicia
-Hungary is now an independent country
-however yields Burgenland incl. Pressburg, as well as Croatia
-Revolutionary Italy after war - declared the United States of Italy (1854)
-Subalpine Republic consisting of Piedmont
-Ligurian Republic consisting of Genoa
-Etrurian Republic consisting of Tuscany
-Cispadane Republic consisting of Parma, Modena and a few small states
-Transpadane Republic consisting of Milan, Mantua, and Venice west of Adige
-State of Lucca consisting of Lucca
-Parthenopean Republic consisting of Naples
-Trinacrian Republic consisting of Sicily
-Melitean Republic consisting of Malta
-Transbenacian Republic consisting of Venice
-also includes Gorizia and Gradisca west of Isonzo River
-Istrian Republic consisting of former Venetian Istria
-Dalmatian Republic consisting of Venetian Dalmatia
-Republic of Ragusa
-Ascruvian Republic consisting of former Venetian Albania
-Bononian Republic consisting of Papal States except Latium
-Ichnusan Republic consisting of Sardinia
-Roman Republic consisting of Latium
-Denmark
-successfully falls under Heads of Denmark > 1847-1892 Vilhelm
-but loses control over Schleswig-Holstein which falls under Oldenburger rule
Fourth French War (1880-4)
-Tellian Revolt (1880)
-German Unification War (1880-4)
-1880: The Tellian Republic's Legislative Body declares the end of the French alliance; France refuses to recognize this and troops storm in to suppress them; cries emerge across Germany for sympathy and resulting in mass declarations of war on France though it has secured that Dutch and Italians refuse to join in
-1881: Prussia declares war on side of the French, results in controversy at home; Prussian troops invade Bohemia; French troops sweep further into Westphalia with support of their local monarchs to suppress revolts and beginning of trench warfare
-1882: Russia declares war on France; Russian invasion of Prussian Poland & Germans push Prussians out of Bohemia; French invasion of Oldenburg ends up with brutal trench warfare; Russian troops get to western front
-1883: Prussia sues for peace with Russia with minimal border adjustments; monarch of Westphalia abdicates following popular backlash & his son is anti-French; French troops fall vastly back in its wake
-1884: Treaty of London between France and Germany, end of war
-Germany
-Prussia, Jever removed from Holy Roman Empire
-Tellian Republic made an Electorate under the House of Thurn and Taxis
-Holy Roman Empire centralized with arms orgs
-French influence removed from Germany, with exception of Rhine organization
-Customs Union expanded across Germany
-way opened to making Germany centralized
Fifth French War (1892-5)
-Hungarian Revolution (1892-5)
-Rhenish Border War (1892-5)
-1892: Heads of Germany > 1869-1892 Karl VIII (Habsburg) and Heads of Hungary > 1870-1892 Vilmos (Württemberg) assassinated by Hungarian republicans, who declare Hungary a republic; France declares war on Germany in the name of defending the Hungarian people; Russia declares war and invades Hungary in name of the Hohenzollerns
-1893: Britain declares war on side of Hungarians (and thanks to fears of German domination); China declares war on Russia (Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)), Russia immediately sues with France and Hungary for peace
-1894: Hungary makes massive ground against German troops thanks to Russian exit; Germany forced to divert troops from Rhenish front, French troops make ground against Germans and bombing runs cease
-1895: Germany comes to peace and ratifies enduring peace treaty
-Hungary
-becomes independent as a quasi-federal republic
-Burgenland (incl Pressburg) being part of Germany confirmed
-France
-retreats from German areas, accepts status quo ante bellum
-British Isles
-gets control of German Auteharohia, German Iceland, and German Greenland
-Germany's more than willing to trade them away in return for keeping Virgin Islands
Sixth French War (1937-41)
-Croatian War of Independence (1937-41)
-Danish War of Independence (1937-41)
-Slovene War of Independence (1938-41)
-1937: Croatian Sabor issues a unilateral declaration of independence and deposes Habsburg, newly elected Ban gathers troops and attacks Habsburg-loyal units; Danish nationalists declare independence from Germany; France declares support and declares war
-1938: Slovene radicals issue declaration of independence in country claiming Carniola, rest of Austrian Goritz, and also get arms from France; German bombers attack French targets; Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen occupied by Germany preemptively; Prussia declares war
-1939:
-1940:
-1941:
-Slovenia
-independence of Carniola, Istria, and Gorizia and Gradisca as Slovene Republic
-despite desires to include Lower Styria, as uprisings defeated, it isn't
-Croatia
-Croatia-Slavonia independent as a firmly reactionary kingdom under regency
-Trieste and Fiume get independence as free cities secured under treaty
-Denmark
-independent, minus Schleswig-Holstein